Text Explanation for Week 2 Session 4

1. Principles of Radiation Protection

• ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable):

  • Minimization of Exposure: Always aim to minimize radiation doses to patients and staff.

  • Optimization: Use the lowest exposure settings that still yield diagnostically adequate images.

  • Justification: Ensure that each radiographic procedure is medically necessary.

• Three Cardinal Rules:

  • Time: Reduce the time spent near radiation sources. Less exposure time equals lower dose.

  • Distance: Maintain maximum feasible distance from the radiation source. Exposure decreases with increased distance (inverse square law).

  • Shielding: Use protective barriers (lead aprons, shields) to absorb radiation and protect both patients and staff.

2. Radiation Protection for Patients

• Minimizing Patient Dose:

  • Proper Technique: Use correct exposure settings tailored to the patient's size and the body part being imaged.

  • Avoiding Repeats: Ensure proper positioning and settings to prevent the need for repeat exposures.

  • Beam Collimation: Limit the size of the X-ray beam to the area of interest to reduce exposure to adjacent tissues.

• Protective Devices:

  • Gonadal Shielding: Use lead shields to protect reproductive organs when they are near the primary beam.

  • Thyroid Collars: Protect the thyroid gland during head, neck, or chest imaging.

  • Pediatric Considerations: Extra care in reducing exposure for children due to their increased sensitivity to radiation.

• Patient Education:

  • Explanation of Procedures: Inform patients about what to expect to reduce anxiety and movement.

  • Safety Assurance: Reassure patients about the measures taken to protect them from excessive radiation.

3. Radiation Protection for Personnel

• Occupational Dose Limits:

  • Regulatory Standards: Familiarize yourself with dose limits set by agencies like the NCRP.

  • Annual Limits: Understand the maximum permissible doses (e.g., 50 mSv per year for occupational exposure).

• Monitoring Exposure:

  • Personal Dosimeters: Wear devices like film badges or TLDs to track cumulative exposure.

  • Record Keeping: Regularly check exposure reports and maintain records.

• Safe Work Practices:

  • Use of Protective Barriers: Stand behind lead shields or walls during exposures.

  • Avoid Holding Patients: Use immobilization devices instead of holding patients whenever possible.

  • Proper Equipment Handling: Regularly inspect equipment for leaks or malfunctions.

4. Regulatory Requirements and Guidelines

• Compliance with Laws and Regulations:

  • Licensing: Ensure you are properly licensed and up-to-date with continuing education requirements.

  • Equipment Standards: Use equipment that meets safety standards and undergoes regular inspections.

• Radiation Safety Officer (RSO):

  • Role: The RSO oversees the radiation protection program, ensures compliance, and provides training.

  • Reporting: Report any unsafe conditions or incidents to the RSO immediately.

• Documentation:

  • Exposure Records: Keep accurate logs of radiation doses received by personnel.

  • Incident Reports: Document any exposure incidents or equipment malfunctions.